US-Saudi Strategic Partnership: Saudi Arabia considers the United States a strategic partner, extending beyond government-to-government relations. The partnership has historical roots in American involvement in Saudi oil industry development, which transformed the country from poverty to prosperity. Saudi Arabia appreciates American expertise and support in developing alternatives to oil to ensure future economic and social well-being. The strategic relationship remains strong despite disagreements, such as on the Israeli-Palestinian issue. US-Israeli Relations: Israel values the United States as an indispensable partner, acknowledging that no other country can replace its role in the Middle East. Strong relations are maintained through direct engagement with the American people, leading to positive relations with the White House. Despite disagreements, including on the Palestinian issue, overall relations are robust and crucial for Israel’s security. Positive trends include strong ties between military and intelligence communities, bipartisan support in the US Congress, and broad public support for Israel. Changing US Commitment to Regional Security: Both Prince Turki al-Faisal and General Yaakov Amidror recognize that the United States’ commitment to regional security has changed. President Obama’s perceived retrenchment from direct involvement requires a reevaluation and recalibration of the US-Saudi relationship. The general situation in the Middle East has evolved, necessitating a reassessment of the appropriate level of US engagement.

The Evolving U.S.-Middle East Relationship:
Prince Turki al-Faisal emphasizes that both the U.S. and Middle Eastern countries have changed over the past 25 years since the liberation of Kuwait, leading to a need for redefining their partnership. Both sides recognize common interests in areas such as fighting terrorism and improving regional peace. However, the American people may feel that they are expected to take on too many responsibilities, which has led to a desire to scale back their involvement.

Balancing Cooperation and Disagreements:
Prince Turki al-Faisal stresses the importance of open dialogue and collaboration between the U.S. and Middle Eastern countries to identify areas of agreement and find common ground. He proposes a “mature relationship” where both sides focus on enhancing cooperation and agreeing to disagree on contentious issues without severing ties.

Israel’s Self-Defense Policy:
General Yaakov Amidror asserts that Israel’s fundamental policy is to defend itself without relying on foreign forces. Israel is committed to protecting its sovereignty and will not ask American soldiers to sacrifice their lives for its defense. Israel seeks to purchase weapons systems and share intelligence with the U.S. but will maintain its independent defense strategy.

Iran’s Regional Influence and U.S. Response:
The discussion shifts to Iran’s role in the region, with concerns about its nuclear deal and its involvement in Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Yemen. The panel members are asked to identify the most serious threat posed by Iran and suggest U.S. actions to address these challenges.

Threat of Iran’s Nuclear Potential:
Israel’s primary concern regarding Iran is the possibility of it becoming a nuclear state. This could occur through a violation of the nuclear agreement or after its expiration in 10-15 years. Israel views Iran’s potential nuclear capability as an existential threat and is prepared to act, with or without American support, to prevent it.

Iran’s Involvement in Terrorism:
Iran actively supports terrorist organizations, particularly Hezbollah, which has a vast arsenal of rockets and missiles aimed at Israel. The increasing accuracy of Hezbollah’s missiles poses a significant threat to Israel’s population and critical infrastructure. Israel and the United States collaborate on missile defense systems to mitigate this threat, but the sheer number of missiles could lead to a devastating conflict.

Destruction of Missiles in Lebanon:
Eliminating Hezbollah’s missiles would necessitate targeting civilian areas where they are stored, resulting in substantial Lebanese casualties. Israel lacks the legitimacy to abandon its efforts to destroy these missiles before they are launched against Israel.

Iran’s Expansion in Syria:
Iran has attempted to establish another launching pad against Israel in the Golan Heights, which Israel will not allow. Iran’s international network of terrorism spans Africa, Asia, and Europe, necessitating constant vigilance and cooperation with the United States.

Iran’s Missile Testing:
Iran frequently tests new types of long-range missiles, suggesting an intent to develop nuclear warheads. Israel is preparing itself to face this threat and is determined to pay the price necessary to ensure its security.

Divergent Approaches to Dealing with Iran:
Yaakov Amidror emphasizes Israel’s self-reliance in addressing the Iranian threat. Prince Turki al-Faisal advocates cooperation between Arab countries and Israel to collectively counter Iran’s influence.

Arab Peace Initiative as a Framework for Peace:
Prince Turki al-Faisal considers the Arab Peace Initiative as the optimal solution for establishing peace between Israel and the Arab world. He expresses confusion as to why Israel has not pursued this offer.

Conditions for Arab-Israeli Cooperation:
Prince Turki al-Faisal highlights the importance of peace between Arab countries and Israel as a prerequisite for substantial cooperation. He emphasizes the need for a two-state solution and mutual recognition between Israel and a Palestinian state.

Mutual Benefits of Arab-Israeli Cooperation:
Prince Turki al-Faisal envisions extensive collaboration in science, technology, humanitarian affairs, and addressing global challenges. He believes that Jewish financial resources and Arab intellectual capabilities can drive significant progress.

Israeli Skepticism Regarding Palestinian Negotiations:
Yaakov Amidror expresses skepticism about the possibility of reaching an agreement with the Palestinians. He cites historical examples of Palestinian duplicity during negotiations.

Alternative Approach: Regional Cooperation First:
Amidror proposes focusing on regional cooperation among Arab states and Israel before engaging in Palestinian negotiations. He believes this approach could create a more conducive environment for reaching an agreement.

Arab Peace Initiative’s Limitations:
Amidror views the Arab Peace Initiative as insufficient for fostering cooperation due to its lack of direct involvement with Israel. He notes the changing dynamics of the Arab world since 2002 and the need for a fresh approach.

General Yaakov Amidror’s Perspective:
General Amidror proposes a new approach to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Instead of focusing solely on negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians, he suggests building a coalition of countries in the Middle East that share a common interest in fighting radical Islam. He believes that such a coalition would create an environment conducive to Israeli-Palestinian negotiations and would ultimately lead to a more comprehensive and lasting peace in the region.

Prince Turki al-Faisal’s Perspective:
Prince Turki al-Faisal disagrees with General Amidror’s approach. He believes that the Arab Peace Initiative, which calls for Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and the establishment of a Palestinian state, is the best way to achieve peace. He argues that Israel’s continued occupation of Palestinian territories and its settlement expansion are major obstacles to peace.

Key Points of Contention:
The main point of contention between General Amidror and Prince Turki al-Faisal is whether to prioritize building a regional coalition against radical Islam or focusing on resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through negotiations. General Amidror believes that addressing the threat of radical Islam is more urgent and that cooperation with Arab countries against this common enemy will create a more favorable environment for Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. Prince Turki al-Faisal argues that the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is the root cause of instability in the Middle East and that it must be resolved before any meaningful progress can be made on other issues.

The Role of the United States:
Both General Amidror and Prince Turki al-Faisal acknowledge the importance of the United States’ role in facilitating peace in the Middle East. They believe that the United States can play a crucial role in bringing the Israelis and Palestinians together for negotiations and in helping to build a regional coalition against radical Islam.

Saudi Perspective:
Prince Turki al-Faisal emphasizes that Arab territory is non-negotiable. He proposes an out-of-the-box idea: Israeli recognition of a Palestinian state and subsequent negotiations with elected Palestinian representatives, bypassing intermediaries. Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries support Palestinian decisions, including the Arab Peace Initiative’s acceptance of land swaps. A serious negotiating partner from the Israeli side is crucial for progress.

Arab Cover for Palestinian Compromises:
Saudi Arabia and other Arab countries provide cover and support for Palestinian compromises. Arab approval is essential for Palestinians to make deep compromises. However, a serious negotiating partner from Israel is necessary for successful negotiations.

Negotiations and American Involvement:
Yaakov Amidror disputes some of Prince Turki al-Faisal’s statements and offers his perspective on negotiations. In 2014, after extensive efforts by Secretary Kerry, the Americans presented a proposal for both sides to negotiate. Prime Minister Netanyahu expressed reservations but agreed to participate based on the American paper. President Abbas (Abu Mazen) consulted with his people in Ramallah but did not respond. Amidror suggests that Abu Mazen’s ability to deliver on negotiations may not meet the expectations of some Arab leaders.

Regional Cooperation:
Former Israeli National Security Advisor Yaakov Amidror believes regional cooperation between Israel and Arab states may facilitate Palestinian participation in negotiations, making them realize the potential benefits of such cooperation.

Golan Heights:
Amidror emphasizes that the Golan Heights belong to Syria, not the Palestinians. He cautions against linking the Golan Heights to the Israel-Palestine conflict.

Saudi Arabia’s Role:
Saudi Prince Turki al-Faisal acknowledges Saudi Arabia’s responsibility to support oppressed people worldwide, including Muslims. He emphasizes Saudi Arabia’s efforts in decolonization and humanitarian work. Prince Turki believes Saudi Arabia can contribute to resolving the Jerusalem issue but recognizes that states should decide how they want to be recognized.

Two-State Solution:
Prince Turki stresses the importance of the two-state solution, as outlined in the Arab Peace Initiative. He suggests a parallel track of negotiations between Israel and the Arab world alongside Palestinian-Israeli negotiations.

Jerusalem’s Significance:
Amidror highlights the unique religious significance of Jerusalem for Jews, emphasizing Israel’s commitment to religious freedom for all. He sees no issue with Saudi involvement in the Temple Mountain as part of a solution, but recognizes its importance to Palestinians and Muslims.

Palestinian Situation:
Prince Turki emphasizes the need to improve the humanitarian situation of Palestinians and lift the Israeli occupation. He advocates for a two-state solution with security for both Israel and Palestine.

Railway Project:
Prince Turki proposes a railway project connecting cities in the West Bank, with joint Israeli-Palestinian cooperation and international financing. He believes this project could improve the lives of Palestinians and give them hope for a better future.

Conclusion:
Prince Turki believes the solution to the Israel-Palestine conflict lies in a two-state solution, mutual swaps, mutual recognition, and engagement between the parties. Amidror agrees that regional cooperation and engagement are crucial for resolving the conflict.

The Priority of Resolving Issues:
Robert Satloff raises concerns about the pressing threats of Syria, Iraq, and the Islamic State, highlighting the need to address both the atrocities committed by Bashar al-Assad in Syria and the rise of the Islamic State.

The Offensive Nature of the Term “Islamic State”:
Prince Turki al-Faisal criticizes the use of the term “Islamic State” and prefers to call it “Fahish,” which means “obscene” in Arabic. He suggests that “Daesh” is not a denigrating term, but the Arabic equivalent of ISIS.

Blame for the Syrian Conflict:
Prince al-Faisal places blame on the world community for the ongoing conflict in Syria, arguing that the failure to provide adequate assistance to the Syrian people has allowed Bashar al-Assad to remain in power and continue his oppressive rule.

The Need for Defensive Weapons:
Prince al-Faisal emphasizes the importance of providing defensive weapons to the Syrian people, enabling them to defend themselves against Assad’s attacks. He highlights the need for careful selection and training of individuals responsible for these weapons to prevent their misuse.

ISIS as a Symptom:
Prince al-Faisal characterizes ISIS as a symptom rather than the primary problem. He suggests that the underlying issues, such as the Assad regime’s brutality and the lack of support for the Syrian people, need to be addressed in order to effectively combat the threat of ISIS.

Saudi-Israeli Perspectives on Regional Issues:
Both Prince Turki al-Faisal and Yaakov Amidror expressed their views on several regional issues, including the Islamic State (ISIS), the Palestinian situation, and the Syrian conflict.

ISIS and Failing States:
Prince Turki al-Faisal emphasized that the main problem lies in failing states like Syria, Iraq, Yemen, and Tripoli, rather than ISIS itself. He argued that ISIS thrives in weak states and called for addressing the root causes of instability, such as providing defensive weapons to the Free Syrian Army and promoting inclusiveness in governments.

Palestinian Situation:
Amidror acknowledged the challenges faced by Palestinians under Israeli occupation but stressed that their situation is not the worst compared to other Arabs in the Middle East. He emphasized the need for a two-state solution, with a Jewish state for the Jewish people and a Palestinian state. He cautioned against exaggerating the Palestinian situation and called for putting it in the proper context of regional problems.

Syrian Conflict:
Amidror argued that the Syrian conflict is not solely about Assad but reflects a broader sectarian conflict between Alawites and Sunnis. He emphasized that removing Assad alone would not solve the problem and called for a solution that addresses the underlying tensions between different groups. Prince Turki al-Faisal disagreed, stating that the conflict is not primarily an Alawite-Sunni issue but rather a result of the failure of the state structure itself. He pointed to the declaration by Alawite leaders disassociating themselves from Assad and the diverse composition of the opposition to Assad.

Saudi-Israeli Negotiations:
The discussion also touched on the future of Saudi-Israeli negotiations, with Robert Satloff highlighting the importance of defining an agenda for long-term negotiations. A journalist from the New York Times raised questions about Saudi priorities in neighboring states and the potential impact of the Iran nuclear deal on the region.

Saudi Nuclear Capacity:
In response to the question of whether Saudi Arabia would seek a nuclear capacity, Amidror expressed concern that the Iran deal could lead to a nuclear arms race in the region. Prince Turki al-Faisal did not directly address the question but emphasized the importance of stability in the region and the need for a comprehensive approach to addressing regional challenges.

Israel’s Security Concerns in Syria:
Israel prioritizes its security and will not tolerate Iranian bases or Hezbollah’s presence in the Golan Heights. The country is determined to prevent the transfer of advanced weaponry to Hezbollah, regardless of the future agreement on Syria.

No Involvement in Arab Conflicts:
Israel has no intention of participating in internal Arab conflicts. The country’s focus is on safeguarding its own security, not solving regional problems.

Impact of the Iran Nuclear Deal on Nuclear Proliferation:
Saudi Arabia’s Prince Turki al-Faisal acknowledges the deal’s ability to prevent Iran from obtaining nuclear weapons during its duration. However, the duration of the agreement remains uncertain, raising concerns about post-deal scenarios.

GCC’s Consideration of Nuclear Options:
The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, including Saudi Arabia, are considering acquiring nuclear weapons as a contingency plan against potential Iranian threats.

Proposal for a Zone Free of Weapons of Mass Destruction:
Prince Turki al-Faisal suggests creating a zone in the Middle East free of weapons of mass destruction. This zone would receive technical and financial support from the permanent members of the Security Council for peaceful nuclear energy development. Any country within the zone suspected of developing nuclear weapons would face sanctions, including military action. The proposal includes a negotiation mechanism to address regional issues like the Arab-Israeli conflict and Iran’s ambitions within the framework of the zone.

Trump Candidacy and Message to Next US Administration:
Prince Turki al-Faisal expressed surprise and concern about Donald Trump’s candidacy and statements. He emphasized the interconnectedness of the world and the impact of US policies on Saudi Arabia. He called for the right to vote in US elections as a Saudi citizen and offered reciprocal voting rights in Saudi elections. Yaakov Amidror expressed hope that the Israeli government would work with any US president elected.

Saudi Arabia’s Role in the Israeli-Egyptian Peace Treaty:
Saudi Arabia regained sovereignty over the islands of Tiran and Sanafir at the head of the Straits of Tiran, leading to the Gulf of Aqaba. Saudi Arabia committed to abiding by the conditions of the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty. Prince Turki al-Faisal stated that Saudi Arabia would abide by the treaty’s conditions but could not provide details due to his unofficial capacity. Ehud Ya’ari questioned whether Saudi Arabia was becoming a silent partner in the peace treaty.

Significance of the Dialogue and Future Steps:
Robert Satloff highlighted the importance of the dialogue between Prince Turki al-Faisal and Yaakov Amidror. He asked about the next steps and the possibility of regular meetings between representatives of both countries. Yaakov Amidror emphasized the importance of Israeli-Saudi dialogue and the need for Israelis to engage with Arab leaders to find common interests. He expressed Israel’s readiness to meet with Arab leaders whenever the opportunity arises. Prince Turki al-Faisal stated that he was heading to Princeton for the next stage of discussions.

Importance of Open Dialogue and Understanding:
Open discussions between people from both sides, even if they don’t lead to an agreement, foster a better understanding of the other side’s perspective, which is crucial in the volatile Middle East.

Saudi Recognition of Israel:
Prince Turki al-Faisal dismisses speculations about Saudi Arabia’s recognition of Israel, diplomatic relations, or normalization of relations. He emphasizes that such developments will not occur in the near future.

Two-State Solution as a Prerequisite:
The Prince stresses the need for an accommodation on the issue of the two-state solution before any progress toward diplomatic relations or visits to religious sites in Jerusalem can be made. He acknowledges the pain and difficulty of this issue, expressing hope for resolution in future generations.

Past Encounter with Shimon Peres:
Prince Turki al-Faisal recounts his first meeting with then-President Shimon Peres at Davos in 2003. He declined Peres’s offer to meet in secret, insisting on a public meeting to create an opportunity for others to engage in similar interactions.

Importance of Public Engagement:
The Prince emphasizes the significance of public engagement in promoting peace and diplomatic relations. He urges the audience to keep pushing both Arabs and Israelis, encouraging them to move forward with a peace agreement.

Tough Love Approach:
Prince Turki al-Faisal suggests the need for a “tough love” approach, pushing both sides to take action and not allowing the situation to stagnate. He believes this is essential for the well-being of both parties.