Overview of the Event:
Prince Turki Al-Faisal, a distinguished member of Saudi royalty, former ambassador to the U.S. and U.K., and current chair of the King Faisal Center, delivered a lecture at Cornell University. The event was organized by the Prince Turki Al-Faisal Welcome Committee and sponsored by various university organizations. The lecture focused on the topic “What We Expect from America: A Saudi Perspective.”

Introduction:
Wasif Syed, chair of the welcome committee, welcomed the attendees and introduced the event. He emphasized the importance of Saudi Arabia’s role in the 21st century and expressed gratitude to Prince Al-Faisal for his presence. Cornell President David Skorton took the stage and delivered introductory remarks in Arabic, followed by English translation. He acknowledged the strong and growing interactions between Cornell and Saudi Arabia, including the involvement in the establishment of King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).

Prince Al-Faisal’s Background and Affiliations:
Prince Al-Faisal studied at Lawrenceville School in New Jersey, Georgetown University, Princeton, Cambridge, and the University of London. He served as an advisor in the Saudi royal court, Director General of the General Intelligence Directorate, and ambassador to the U.K., Ireland, and the U.S. Currently, he chairs the King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies and holds various leadership positions in international organizations.

Prince Al-Faisal’s Introduction:
Prince Al-Faisal recalled his early experiences in America as a student at Lawrenceville, where he was affectionately nicknamed “Turkey.” He expressed gratitude to Cornell for the invitation and praised the hospitality and reception he received. He admired the beauty of the Cornell campus, comparing it to paradise as described in Muslim terms.

Cooperation between Cornell and King Abdullah University for Science and Technology (KAUST):
President Skorton highlighted the groundbreaking relationship between Cornell and KAUST. Both institutions collaborate on research projects aimed at benefiting humanity, including CO2 capture and sequestration, photovoltaic cells, and solid-state lighting.

Historical Roots of the Saudi-US Relationship:
Saudi Arabia and the United States have a long-standing relationship spanning over 80 years, dating back to 1928. In 1928, King Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia met with American philanthropist and industrialist Arthur Crane, who suggested the possibility of finding oil in Saudi Arabia. A subsequent geological survey by Carl Twitchell revealed the presence of oil, leading to the development of the Saudi oil industry by American companies.

The Roosevelt-Abdulaziz Meeting and Mutual Support:
In 1945, King Abdulaziz met with President Franklin Roosevelt aboard the USS Quincy in the Red Sea. They reached an understanding on future cooperation, with King Abdulaziz seeking technical, economic, and political support from the US, and Roosevelt seeking Saudi support for transporting persecuted European Jews to Palestine.

The Establishment of Israel and Diplomatic Tensions:
In 1948, Israel was established with the strong support of the United States, causing recrimination and bitterness in Saudi-US relations. President Truman’s decision to establish Israel without consulting Arab allies strained the relationship.

Saudi-US Partnership in Combating Communism:
During the Cold War, Saudi Arabia and the United States collaborated to combat communism in the region. King Faisal and President Eisenhower forged a close partnership, leading to joint efforts against communist influence.

The Suez Crisis and the US Role:
In 1956, President Eisenhower played a crucial role in forcing France, the United Kingdom, and Israel to withdraw from their invasion of Egypt during the Suez Canal dispute. This action improved US relations with the Arab world, including Saudi Arabia.

The Yemen Revolution and Diplomatic Balancing:
In 1962, a revolution in Yemen led to Saudi Arabia supporting the traditional monarchy, while the US equivocated in its support. President Kennedy provided verbal support and military aid to Saudi Arabia while recognizing the new Republic of Yemen.

The 1973 Arab-Israeli War and Oil Embargo:
The 1973 Ramadan War between Egypt, Syria, and Israel led to Saudi Arabia and other oil-producing countries imposing an oil embargo on the US and pro-Israel nations. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger engaged in shuttle diplomacy to resolve the conflict, and the embargo was lifted with assurances from President Nixon and Kissinger to work towards ending the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Watergate and the Unfulfilled Promise:
The assassination of King Faisal in 1975 and subsequent events, including Watergate and the resignation of President Nixon, hindered the US’s ability to follow through on its promise to resolve the Arab-Israeli conflict.

The 1990 Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait and US Military Support:
In 1990, Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, prompting Saudi Arabia to invite the US to send troops to repel the invasion. The US deployed half a million troops to Saudi Arabia, demonstrating the strength of the Saudi-US partnership.

U.S. Troop Deployment in Saudi Arabia:
The arrival of half a million U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia during the 1990-1991 Gulf War was a significant event, demonstrating the strong friendship between the two countries. The U.S. troops successfully aided in repelling the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and maintaining Saudi Arabia’s security and stability.

Saudi Gratitude for U.S. Support:
Saudi Arabia expresses enduring gratitude to the United States for sending troops to stand alongside Saudi soldiers during their time of need.

Camp David Talks:
In the year 2000, President Clinton initiated peace talks between Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak and Palestinian Authority President Yasser Arafat at Camp David.

Positive Developments and Subsequent Deterioration:
Initially, events leading up to the Camp David talks were positive, including a conference in Madrid where Arab countries, Israel, and Palestinian representatives negotiated peace. The Oslo Accords, resulting from the Oslo agreement between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, led to the establishment of relations between them and potentially between Israel and the Arab world. However, the assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in 1996 marked a turning point, and subsequent actions by Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and President Arafat contributed to the decline in peace efforts.

Clinton’s Attempt at Accord and Lack of Preparation:
President Clinton’s attempt at an accord at Camp David initially involved only the Palestinians, Israelis, and Americans, without consulting other Arab countries. This lack of preparation contributed to the failure of the negotiations, and President Clinton assigned blame to President Arafat, though subsequent revelations showed shared responsibility.

Saudi Arabia’s Unawareness of Camp David Accords:
Saudi Arabia, including Crown Prince Abdullah, was unaware of the Camp David Accords until President Clinton sought their support amidst the deteriorating discussions.

Near Agreement at Taba Meeting:
Despite the failure at Camp David, the Palestinians and Israelis met in Taba, Egypt, and nearly reached an agreement. The only remaining point of contention was a 100-meter area along the Wailing Wall, with other significant issues like borders, East Jerusalem, and the refugee issue already agreed upon.

Saudi Arabia’s Concerns about US Foreign Policy:
In 2001, Saudi Arabia sent a letter to President Bush expressing concern about his departure from the peacemaking efforts in the Middle East, particularly the Taba Agreements.

The Wake-Up Call of 9/11:
After 9/11, Saudi Arabia and the US worked closely to address the situation, despite the fact that 15 of the hijackers were Saudis. Both governments maintained cool heads and avoided succumbing to emotions.

The Crawford Agreement:
In 2005, King Abdullah and President Bush agreed on a joint program, including increased oil production, investment in refining capacity, energy research, visa openings for Saudis, and a joint strategic dialogue committee.

The Joint Strategic Dialogue:
The joint strategic dialogue established a more institutionalized relationship between Saudi Arabia and the US, moving beyond personal agreements between leaders. It allowed for open and direct discussions on various issues, including sensitive topics like freedom of religion and anti-Semitism.

Continued Dialogue and Value of Honesty:
King Abdullah maintained a healthy and open dialogue with President Bush and later with President Obama, despite disagreements on issues like Palestine and the war between Israel and Hezbollah. King Abdullah believed in the importance of honesty and frankness in friendship, emphasizing that a true friend tells the truth rather than what one wants to hear.

Key Factors in the Saudi-US Relationship:
Palestine remains a significant concern for Saudi Arabia. The author emphasizes the value of retirement and advises individuals to consider it early on.

The Middle East Peace Process:
Turki Al-Faisal emphasizes the urgent need for a comprehensive peace settlement in the Middle East, as opposed to more plans and rhetoric. He calls upon President Obama to take the initiative and present a clear vision for ending the conflict, rather than waiting for regional leaders to approach him with their proposals. Al-Faisal highlights the importance of galvanizing regional support and leadership to achieve concrete implementation of peace initiatives, rather than relying solely on diplomatic efforts.

The Role of the United States:
Al-Faisal believes that the United States, as the world’s leading power, has a crucial role to play in pushing regional leaders to take necessary steps towards peace. He emphasizes the need for the US to actively engage with regional leaders, provide strong leadership, and exert pressure when necessary to overcome political obstacles and opposition within countries. Al-Faisal criticizes the lack of US engagement during President Bush’s administration, which he believes hindered progress in the peace process.

Positive Signs from President Obama:
Al-Faisal acknowledges positive signals from President Obama, such as his commitment to the two-state solution, the appointment of George Mitchell as a special envoy, and the indication that Mitchell will operate from the Middle East. He expresses hope that these signs will lead to concrete actions and results in the coming months.

Specific Issues:
Al-Faisal addresses several specific issues that require attention in the Middle East: He calls for the immediate withdrawal of Israeli troops from Shabaa Farms in Lebanon to remove a source of tension and allow Lebanese forces to focus on internal political issues. He encourages direct talks between Syria and Israel, with the potential involvement of Turkey, to achieve a peace treaty. He emphasizes the importance of passing a Security Council resolution under Chapter 7 to guarantee the territorial integrity of Iraq before the withdrawal of American troops. He supports President Obama’s focus on combating terrorism in Afghanistan, but urges him to seek international support and avoid prolonged military involvement. He criticizes the use of predator pilotless aircraft in Pakistan, arguing that they harm the Pakistani armed forces and galvanize anti-American sentiment, and suggests alternative strategies for countering terrorism. He acknowledges the complexities within the Taliban and encourages President Karzai’s efforts to engage with nationalist elements.

Saudi Arabia’s Consultative Assembly:
Established in 1926 as part of the Kingdom of the Hejaz and the Sultanate of Najd. Responsible for issuing laws and overseeing financial aspects. Continued until 1953 when the Council of Ministers assumed legislative and financial responsibilities. Reestablished in 1993 with 50 members, later increased to 150. Composed of individuals from different parts of Saudi Arabia with expertise in business, government, and other fields. Over 70% of current members hold PhDs from American, international, and Saudi universities.

Municipal Elections:
Restarted in 2005 under King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah. More than 180 municipalities participated in the first round. Four-year term with upcoming elections in November 2009. Experts from the United Nations and various governments consulted to ensure effective elections.

Democratization in Saudi Arabia:
Saudi Arabia aims for a gradual and measured approach to democratization. Moving towards electing members of the Consultative Assembly in the next five to ten years. Provincial councils in each of the 13 provinces will likely become elected before the National Consultative Assembly. The kingdom prioritizes stability and long-term development over rapid change.

Turki Al-Faisal’s Opinion on Pakistan’s Political Situation:
Pakistan’s armed forces are being weakened by internal political rivalries and predator attacks. The political rivalries in Pakistan hinder stability and unity, making it difficult to address challenges. Pakistan is also a victim of terrorism, having suffered bloodshed and attacks in recent years. Politicians in Pakistan need to prioritize national cohesion over political rivalries.

Turki Al-Faisal’s Views on the Taliban and Terrorism:
He emphasizes that Pakistan is a victim of terrorism and has suffered greatly from it. He urges Pakistani politicians to work together for national unity instead of engaging in political rivalries. He suggests that the consequences of democracy, such as political rivalries, may be a factor in Pakistan’s current struggles.

History of Osama bin Laden and Saudi Arabia:
In 1996, Sudan offered to extradite Osama bin Laden to Saudi Arabia, but the kingdom declined due to a commitment to the rule of law. President Clinton’s administration expressed insufficient evidence to prosecute bin Laden in an American court. Bin Laden was eventually hosted by a small Afghan Mujahideen party led by Yunus Khalas after leaving Sudan. In 1998, King Fahd and Crown Prince Abdullah sent Turki Al-Faisal to meet with Mullah Omar in Kandahar due to bin Laden’s public declarations of war.

Saudi Arabia’s Concerns about Osama bin Laden’s Activities:
Saudi Arabia expressed concerns about Osama bin Laden’s actions and statements, which they believed were causing harm to Afghanistan. The Kingdom had previously arrested individuals sent by bin Laden to carry out terrorist activities in Saudi Arabia.

Mullah Omar’s Initial Response:
In a meeting with Saudi officials in June 1998, Mullah Omar acknowledged that bin Laden had been given refuge and protection in Afghanistan. He expressed reluctance to hand over bin Laden, citing Islamic law and protection obligations.

Proposal for a Joint Sharia Committee:
Saudi Arabia suggested establishing a joint Sharia committee between Saudi Arabia and Afghanistan to address the legal and judicial aspects of extraditing bin Laden. Mullah Omar initially agreed to this proposal, and Saudi officials left Kandahar expecting the committee to be set up soon.

Delay and Lack of Progress:
Despite initial agreement, weeks passed without any concrete action from the Afghan government regarding the joint committee. In July, Mullah Omar’s advisor, Mr. Mutawakkil, visited Saudi Arabia to reassure the King and Crown Prince that they were still working on the modalities of the committee.

Terrorist Attacks and US Demands:
In August, terrorist attacks against American embassies in Dar es Salaam and Nairobi occurred. President Clinton demanded the extradition of bin Laden to the United States and launched missile strikes against Afghanistan.

Saudi Arabia’s Second Meeting with Mullah Omar:
In September, Saudi officials, including Turki Al-Faisal, traveled to Kandahar again to meet with Mullah Omar. This time, Mullah Omar’s demeanor had changed significantly, becoming less cooperative and more defensive.

Saudi Arabia’s Stance on the Taliban and Bin Laden:
Turki Al-Faisal criticized the Taliban’s support for Osama Bin Laden, calling it harmful to Afghanistan. He emphasizes the negative consequences of Bin Laden’s actions and warns against viewing him as a worthy individual. Diplomatic relations between Saudi Arabia and the Taliban were severed due to their disagreement.

Barometer for Stability in Afghanistan:
The primary goal in Afghanistan should be the elimination or capture of terrorists. The withdrawal of armed forces can occur once this objective is achieved. Ensuring stability is difficult, as foreign forces’ presence doesn’t guarantee an end to conflict. A prolonged presence of foreign forces can lead to a resurgence of nationalist sentiment against them. A final resolution, such as eliminating terrorists, is necessary for an honorable withdrawal.

Tribal Loyalties and Charismatic Figures in Afghanistan:
Afghanistan’s history is characterized by tribal competition and charismatic figures. Democratic system development is unlikely to succeed in the long run. Tribal loyalties and charismatic leaders will continue to influence Afghan politics.

Saudi Arabia’s Reliance on External Forces:
Seeking support from external forces is not unique to Saudi Arabia. Historical examples, like World War II, showcase the need for alliances and support during crises. Saudi Arabia sought international support during the invasion of Kuwait.

Balancing Economic Growth and Social Progress with Conservative Elements:
Saudi Arabia focuses on developing its human resources through education and scholarship programs. Investing in human capital is seen as a way to address future challenges. Conservative elements in Saudi society view progress in education, health, and human rights as consistent with Islamic beliefs, not Western values. Debates about social progress often revolve around interpretations of Islamic principles.

Views on Societal Values:
Saudi society has differing viewpoints: those holding traditional values seeking protection and those looking to the future for reevaluation to meet global challenges.

Ensuring Iraqi Territorial Stability:
Advocating for a UN Security Council resolution under Chapter 7 to guarantee Iraq’s territorial integrity, deterring internal and external ambitions during U.S. withdrawal.

Saudi Arabia’s Efforts in Stabilizing Iraq:
Saudi Arabia initiated regional meetings to address the situation in Iraq. Convened religious leaders from Iraq to address sectarian challenges in 2005. Called for Iraqi political discussions under the Arab League, facilitating open dialogue despite initial tensions. Actively involved in fostering unity among Iraqi political factions and promoting international support. Appointment of a Saudi ambassador to Iraq is underway to strengthen representation.

Saudi Arabia’s Actions Against Terrorism:
Emphasizing action over rhetoric, Saudi Arabia has taken steps against terrorist groups like Hamas and Hezbollah. Despite the inclusion of violent clauses in Hamas’s charter, Saudi Arabia advocates for political engagement to encourage revision and removal of such language, as seen in the PLO’s evolution. Saudi Arabia adheres to UN restrictions on aid to Palestinian territories, excluding Hamas from direct aid. Support for the Palestinian people remains a priority, irrespective of UN restrictions.

Saudi Arabia’s Advice to Hamas and Jihad:
Criticizes Hamas’s methods, such as suicide bombings and rocket attacks, for harming the Palestinian cause. Encourages Hamas and Jihad to adopt civil disobedience and nonviolent resistance, drawing inspiration from Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King. Urges a humanitarian approach to challenge Israel’s military might and expose their use of destructive weapons.

Saudi Arabia’s Role in U.S.-Pakistan Understanding:
Saudi Arabia played a role in the Friends of Pakistan meeting, fostering understanding between the U.S. and Pakistan on terrorism and seeking solutions.

Saudi Arabia’s Historical Engagement with Pakistan and the United States:
Saudi Arabia has a long-standing history of engagement with both Pakistan and the United States. During Turki Al-Faisal’s tenure as Director of Intelligence, Saudi Arabia maintained close relationships with Pakistani and American officials on various issues, including the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

Saudi Arabia’s Current Role as an Interlocutor:
Turki Al-Faisal believes that Saudi Arabia is not necessary as an intermediary between the United States and Pakistan. The two countries have direct communication channels at various levels, including presidential, ministerial, intelligence, and military leadership.

Saudi Arabia’s Friendship and Expression of Opinions:
As a friend to both the United States and Pakistan, Saudi Arabia offers its opinions to both countries. This is done out of concern and a desire to maintain positive relationships between the two nations.

Audience Appreciation and Event Conclusion:
The audience expressed gratitude for the event and the new perspectives it provided on Saudi-US relations. Despite missing classes to attend the event, the organizers hoped that professors would be understanding. Cornell University presented a plaque of appreciation to Prince Turki for his participation as a distinguished speaker.