Ethereum Roadmap:
Vitalik provides a detailed overview of the Ethereum roadmap, highlighting key milestones and their significance. Merge: Transition from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake, improving scalability and security. Sharding: Horizontal scaling solution to increase transaction throughput. Other roadmap items: Rollups, Layer-2 scaling, data availability sampling, and the Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) process.

Alternative Layer-1s:
Discussion on the rise of alternative Layer-1 blockchains and their impact on the Ethereum ecosystem. Centralization vs. Decentralization: Vitalik emphasizes the importance of long-term sustainability and decentralization for Layer-1s to succeed. Ethereum’s role: Ethereum can serve as a hub for interoperability, allowing other Layer-1s to connect and interact.

The Endgame:
Vitalik’s article “The Endgame” explores the ultimate state of blockchain technology. Interoperability: A future where different blockchains seamlessly communicate and exchange value. Modularity: Blockchains becoming modular, with specialized chains handling specific tasks. Scalability: Achieving massive scalability to support global adoption.

Global Impact of Crypto:
Vitalik expresses optimism about crypto’s potential to solve global problems in the 2020s. Crypto’s role in addressing issues like financial inclusion, governance, and climate change.

Ethereum Maximalists:
Vitalik’s perspective on the term “Ethereum maximalists” and the importance of embracing diversity in the blockchain ecosystem.

Debrief:
Exclusive debrief with Ryan and David, available to Bankless premium subscribers. Discussion on strategies for Alternative Layer-1s, the convergence towards an endgame state, and other relevant crypto topics.

2021 was a Great Year for Crypto Adoption and Tech:
There was a rise in mainstream attention and adoption of crypto. NFTs brought new people into the crypto space. DAOs are doing interesting things and experimenting with new governance algorithms. Layer 2 scaling progressed significantly, with Layer 2s moving from theory to practice.

2021 Saw the Realization of Early Theorized Crypto Use Cases:
NFTs and unique tokens, as well as DAOs, were conceptualized early on and started to materialize in 2021.

Ethereum’s Accomplishments in 2021:
The beacon chain proved itself and matured, undergoing its first hard fork, the Altair hard fork. EIP-1559 was implemented, reducing the issuance of ETH and introducing a burn mechanism. The London hard fork also included several other EIPs that improved Ethereum’s efficiency and functionality. There was significant progress on Layer 2 scaling, with Layer 2s becoming more widely used and supporting a wider range of applications.

Progress and Development in 2021:
Vitalik Buterin highlights the significant progress made in Ethereum’s infrastructure and core protocols during 2021. The successful launch of the Kintsugi testnet marks a major step toward the merge, which will combine the Beacon Chain and execution chain. Projects like Proof of Humanity, Sign in with Ethereum, and cross-layer 2 bridging have gained traction and adoption. Work on account abstraction, such as ERC4337, is progressing steadily, though it’s yet to gain widespread attention.

The Merge and Beyond:
The merge, which will transition Ethereum from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake, is undergoing extensive testing and validation. One challenge lies in synchronizing clients after the merge due to differences in how proof-of-work and proof-of-stake sync. Vitalik Buterin estimates that Ethereum’s development is around 50% complete, with the merge and sharding implementation as key milestones.

Ethereum’s Roadmap: The Merge, Surge, Verge, Purge, and Splurge:
The Ethereum roadmap for 2022 and beyond is clearer than ever, with five distinct workstreams: the Merge, Surge, Verge, Purge, and Splurge. The Merge marks the transition to proof-of-stake and the end of proof-of-work. The Surge focuses on scalability, particularly for rollups, to increase Ethereum’s transaction throughput. The Verge aims to simplify Ethereum nodes by introducing stateless clients. The Purge involves technical debt elimination and historical data reduction. The Splurge encompasses various additional improvements and enhancements.

The Merge:
Full transition from Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake. The Beacon chain already exists, and there’s been a warm-up fork. The recent completion of the full specification of the merge process, including edge cases. Test networks are in progress, along with fork choice improvements.

Fork Choice Improvements:
Addressing bugs in the fork choice rule (ATF function) to determine the head block during competing blocks. Enhancing robustness against specific attacks.

The Merge:
The Merge is a crucial milestone for Ethereum, marking the transition from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake. After the Merge, no more proof-of-work issuance will occur, and miners will no longer be involved. The post-merge hard fork will enable withdrawals for beacon chain ether depositors and validators. This process will take place in two different hard forks, with an estimated gap of around six months.

The Surge:
The Surge focuses on increasing scalability for roll-ups through data sharding. Roll-ups are Layer 2 scaling solutions that keep computation and storage off-chain while maintaining data on-chain. This approach allows for much cheaper transactions compared to on-layer execution. Roll-ups inherit the security of Layer 1, making them a secure and efficient scaling solution.

Data Sharding:
Instead of the planned sharding of everything, Ethereum’s new approach involves data sharding. Data sharding simplifies the sharding design by focusing on data instead of sharding execution, accounts, and smart contracts. This limited form of sharding provides a public billboard for storing data, ensuring its availability and preventing withholding. Rollups are responsible for interpreting the data and converting it into computation. Data sharding eliminates the need for fraud proofs, reducing complexity and simplifying the protocol.

Roadmap for Data Sharding:

The roadmap for data sharding involves four stages:
1. Short-term call data expansion: Adding more data space to make roll-ups cheaper.
2. Basic sharding: Implementing the full-on sharding specification.
3. Intermediate sharding: Allowing transactions to contain a huge amount of data, initially requiring all nodes to download the data.
4. Full sharding: Achieving a fully parallelized and highly scalable EVM ecosystem with rollups handling execution.

Scalability and Security:
Roll-ups can adapt to leverage data availability technologies for scalability without compromising security. Data availability sampling allows clients to verify data existence without downloading everything, enhancing security.

Scalability Enhancements:
The Surge phase introduces more data, roll-ups, and armor to improve scalability. Roll-ups become cheaper, and users transition to Layer 2 for cost benefits.

Latency and Bandwidth:
Latency (transaction confirmation time) does not improve during the Surge phase; slot times might even increase. Bandwidth (transactions per second) significantly increases with roll-ups and sharding.

Cost Reduction:
Higher bandwidth reduces competition for block space, leading to lower transaction fees.

Layer 1 and Layer 2:
In the long term, Ethereum shifts from a Layer 1-centric to a Layer 2-centric ecosystem. Layer 2 usage becomes increasingly advantageous, with potential gains far exceeding Layer 1.

Sharding Expansion:
The Surge includes phases of adding a few shards initially and then expanding to many shards. The ultimate number and size of shards may remain dynamic, depending on Ethereum’s available resources. The criteria for adding more shards and the final number are yet to be determined.

Sharding and Quadratic Sharding:
Sharding is a solution to address scalability issues of non-sharded blockchains. In quadratic sharding, the beacon chain contains headers of shard blocks, creating a two-level structure. Going beyond two levels (e.g., exponential sharding) is theoretically possible but impractical due to complexity.

Scalability Risks:
As data capacity increases, a minimum number of users are required to ensure chain security. The analogy of a growing town is used to illustrate this concept, where more guards are needed as the town expands. With data availability sampling, every blockchain user acts as a guard, randomly checking for unavailable data chunks. Higher scalability levels imply a stronger assumption of having a certain number of active users, increasing security risks. Guaranteeing availability of history becomes more uncertain with higher scalability.

Ethereum’s Scalability Parameters:
Ethereum’s current roadmap aims for 2.6 megabytes per second of blockchain data. This translates to approximately 85 terabytes of data per year.

Challenges with Blockchain Data Storage:
As blockchain data storage requirements increase, there’s a risk of accidents and data loss if users become overwhelmed. Finding a scalable solution is difficult because there’s no clear point where scalability becomes infeasible. Systemic risks increase with scalability, making it challenging to maintain 100% security and reliability.

Ethereum’s Current Scalability:
The current 2.6 megabytes per second block size is considered safe and scalable. With ZK rollups and full compression, this translates to approximately 130k TPS. Adding a decade of Moore’s Law advancements could increase TPS to hundreds of thousands.

The Verge Upgrade and Verkle Trees:
The Verge upgrade introduces Verkle trees, replacing Merkle Patricia trees for Ethereum state storage. Verkle trees utilize vector commitments, offering several advantages.

Benefits of Stateless Clients:
Stateless clients allow block verification without requiring the entire Ethereum state. This eliminates the need for fast syncing or downloading previous blocks, reducing storage requirements. Stateless clients are particularly beneficial for devices with limited storage capacity, such as mobile devices.

Stateless Clients and Verkle Trees:
Verkle trees enable efficient proofs that allow stateless clients to verify blocks without the entire state. This significantly reduces the storage requirements for block verification. Stateless clients can become a reality with Verkle trees, making Ethereum more accessible and efficient.

Stateless Clients:
Stateless clients allow block verification without the need for an entire database. They use vertical proofs to provide only the necessary state information for a particular block. Verkle trees are used for efficient proof generation, resulting in proofs that are much shorter and faster to verify compared to Patricia trees.

Benefits of Stateless Clients:
Lighter validators: Validators can verify blocks in real-time without maintaining a large database. Scalability: Reduced hardware requirements and faster verification make the network more scalable. Decentralization: More people can participate as validators, leading to a more decentralized network.

Implications for Node Operation:
Running a validator or node becomes easier and more accessible. Potentially, nodes could be run on mobile devices like phones.

Urges in Ethereum’s Roadmap:
Scalability: The focus on scalability aims to increase the capacity of the network without compromising decentralization. Security: Other updates are geared towards ensuring the security of the network during upgrades. Democratization: The Verge aims to democratize access to block verification, allowing anyone to participate and verify the validity of the chain.

The Purge:
The Purge is the fourth urge in Ethereum’s roadmap, following Statelessness, The Surge, and The Verge. Specific details about The Purge are yet to be discussed in the provided segment.

History Expiry:
The Ethereum network currently requires every node to store the entire historical blockchain, which can become burdensome in terms of data storage and processing. History expiry aims to eliminate this issue by introducing a mechanism that allows clients to stop storing history that is more than one year old. EIP-4444 is a popular history expiry EIP that simply relieves clients from the obligation to store old historical blocks.

Alternative Solutions for Historical Data:
Centralized Services: Centralized entities like Ether scan, beacon chain, and amber data will continue to store the entire blockchain to cater to users’ needs. Decentralized Protocols: The Portal Network: It is an Ethereum Foundation-supported protocol for storing and retrieving historical data. Nodes in the network store a small percentage of the data, and users are automatically routed to the appropriate nodes based on the data they need. Third-Party Protocols: The Graph: It is a decentralized protocol that provides historical data and log grabbing services to applications. Many applications have transitioned to the Graph due to its speed and reliability. Like-Client Protocols: With the implementation of sync committees after the merge, running like-client protocols will become easier. Like-client protocols will contribute to the development of Merkle proof grabbing infrastructure.

Summary:
Ethereum’s history expiry will relieve nodes from the obligation to store the entire historical blockchain. Alternative solutions such as centralized services, decentralized protocols, and like-client protocols will emerge to provide historical data to applications and users.

History Expiry:
Ethereum is proposing a history expiry feature to address the growing size of the blockchain. Most applications do not require old historical data, and alternative solutions such as block explorers and the Graph can be used to access it. Users who need old historical data can still access it through these solutions, while Ethereum will continue to function as usual for those who do not.

State Expiry:
State expiry is a long-term proposal to manage the size of the Ethereum state. The state is smaller than the history but can still grow large over time. Objects in the state that have not been touched for a certain period (e.g., a year) will be moved to a separate expired tree. The Ethereum protocol will not store the expired tree, but users can revive their accounts or applications by providing Merkle proofs. State expiry reduces the risk of coins being deleted if users are inactive for an extended period.

Splurge: Proposed Builder Separation:
The splurge is a proposal to separate the role of block proposer and block builder. This will involve an auction to determine who has the right to create blocks. Separating these roles can improve block creation efficiency and reduce the cost of block production.

PBS and its Impact on Validators:
PBS (Proposer Builder Separation) decouples block creation from validation, allowing validators to focus solely on verifying blocks. This eliminates the need for validators to store the state, reducing the hardware requirements for running a node. Builders, who are responsible for creating blocks, can specialize in storing the state, alleviating the burden on validators.

State Expiry and Technical Debt:
State expiry is a potential long-term solution to address the growing state size of Ethereum. However, implementing state expiry is not a pressing concern and can be deferred for now. Simplifying the protocol and removing technical debt can make Ethereum more accessible and easier to run.

Specific Protocol Changes:
Removing the self-destruct opcode is proposed to improve the protocol and enable Verkle trees. Eliminating gas stipends, precompilers, and RLP can further simplify the protocol. Finding solutions for dust accounts, where small balances make it difficult to pay transaction fees, is also a consideration.

Core Ideas:
Vitalik Buterin proposes innovative concepts to make Ethereum more efficient and user-friendly. The “purge” involves eliminating unnecessary data and streamlining the blockchain’s history. The “splurge” encompasses a wide range of potential improvements and additions to Ethereum’s capabilities.

The Purge:
Analogies of the Game of Snake and a City: The Game of Snake: As the snake grows longer, it becomes more difficult to manage and eventually dies. The City: As global warming forces the city to move, the burden of maintaining old city walls increases. The Purge Addresses Inefficiencies: Aims to reduce the burden of maintaining unnecessary data and abandoned city walls. Prioritizes security and agility by eliminating outdated information. Allows for secure retrieval of historical data if needed.

The Splurge:
Proposal Builder Separation: Enhances user experience by allowing users to separate transaction proposal and signing. Improves security by enabling offline transaction signing. Account Abstraction: Elevates smart contract wallets to first-class citizens. Facilitates seamless integration of multi-sig and social recovery wallets.

Layer 2 Account Abstraction (ERC4337):
ERC4337 is a layer 2 approach to account abstraction that aims to support smart contract wallets and user operations without modifying the existing protocol. User operation objects directly interact with smart contracts, while a wrapper transaction encapsulates all user operations included in a block. It introduces a separate mempool for user operations, allowing minors and Flashbots actors to participate in the ecosystem. Account abstracted wallets can interact with existing applications and are Ethereum addresses and smart contracts. ERC4337 can work on Ethereum Layer 1, Optimism, Arbitrum, Polygon, and potentially StarkNet with some modifications.

ZK-Snarking Everything:
ZK-snarking involves moving away from users verifying transactions by re-executing them. ZK-snarks can be applied to various aspects of Ethereum, including the EVM, beacon chain transition, and signature verification. With ZK-snarking, users only need to verify a single snark to validate an entire block, reducing the computational requirements for node operation. This approach significantly simplifies node operation, making it more accessible and increasing the number of participants contributing to the network’s security.

Promotions:
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Gemini:
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Slingshot:
Slingshot is a decentralized trading platform that combines the features of centralized and decentralized exchanges, providing high performance and ease of use with transparency and openness. It aggregates liquidity from all of DeFi to find the best prices on thousands of crypto assets and offers a social trading experience with a chat box to share trades and find new opportunities. Slingshot is available on Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimism, avoiding high gas fees and slow transaction speeds of Ethereum L1, and there are no fees to trade on the platform.

Brave Browser and Wallet:
The Brave Browser is a privacy-focused browser with built-in ad blocking and a secure crypto wallet called Brave Wallet. Brave Wallet offers secure storage, sending, and swapping of crypto assets, NFT management, and connectivity to other wallets and DeFi apps. Users can download Brave Browser and set up the Brave Wallet to take advantage of its security and privacy features.

Ethereum Roadmap Overview:
Vitalik Buterin believes that Ethereum is about 50% complete in terms of its roadmap. The roadmap includes the merge, surge, purge, verge, and splurge phases. Once these phases are complete, Ethereum will be able to survive and thrive for multiple generations.

Timeline and Flexibility:
Ethereum has been in development for six years and could take another six years to complete the roadmap. The roadmap is subject to change and may include new additions that arise in the future.

Key Components of the Roadmap:
The merge and surge are crucial for Ethereum’s survival and growth. PBS may be necessary for security, and the verge could become important eventually. Alternatives exist for everything except the merge and surge, but they are still desirable.

Ethereum as a World Computer:
Once the roadmap is complete, Ethereum will function as a global computer for executing applications with globally trusted execution.

Alternative Layer Ones:
The rise of alternative layer ones in 2021 was driven by demand for scalability and low transaction costs. Binance Chain has gained popularity in Argentina due to its instant transfers and low fees. Decentralization is important, but users may prioritize convenience and cost over decentralization in some cases.

Decentralization and Cost:
Vitalik Buterin believes that decentralization is important, but it should not come at a high cost. Blockchains need to be cheap enough for mainstream adoption, especially for users with limited funds.

Ethereum’s Roadmap and Cost Considerations:
The Ethereum roadmap aims to make transactions affordable for everyday users. Buterin emphasizes the need for low transaction costs to drive mainstream adoption.

Scalability and Layer 2s:
Vitalik Buterin emphasizes that Layer 1 is not ready for mass adoption due to high fees, but Layer 2 solutions like Loopring are bringing transaction fees down. Once sharding is implemented, fees will be even lower, similar to those seen in 2014 and 2015, enabling experimentation and innovation.

Maximalism:
Vitalik expresses his disapproval of maximalism, particularly the tendency to dismiss other ecosystems and their developments. He acknowledges the exciting work happening in Zcash, Tezos, and other projects, and emphasizes the importance of decentralization.

Decentralization:
Vitalik believes decentralization is paramount and distinguishes Ethereum from other ecosystems that tolerate closed-source components. He stresses the need for community buy-in and support for protocol changes, rather than reliance on a few elites. Decentralization is crucial for maintaining the credibility of Ethereum, its applications, and the ETH asset.

End Game Paper:
The conversation shifts towards the end game paper, recognizing decentralization as the core principle of the industry. Vitalik acknowledges the emergence of alternative Layer 1 solutions but highlights the need for careful evaluation and understanding of their design choices and trade-offs.

Vitalik Buterin’s Perspective on Decentralization:
Vitalik argues that many centralized Layer 1 blockchains pay lip service to decentralization but lack a genuine commitment to it. He believes that decentralization should be a core principle, not a compromise made for scalability. Vitalik suggests a roadmap for transforming centralized blockchains into more decentralized systems, focusing on protocol armor that enhances censorship resistance and trustlessness.

Achieving Decentralization in Centralized Systems:
Vitalik proposes a strategy for adding “protocol armor” to centralized blockchains to improve their decentralization. This involves introducing mechanisms such as distributed block validation, committee verification, and fraud proofs. These techniques enable decentralized actors to verify blocks, preventing malicious block producers from abusing their power.

Balancing Power Dynamics between Block Producers and Verifiers:
Vitalik acknowledges that even with decentralization efforts, block producers may retain some power, such as extracting MEV and delaying transactions. Alternative transaction inclusion mechanisms can mitigate these issues but do not entirely eliminate block producer influence. Block producers can still manipulate transaction ordering and have advantages in certain situations like NFT auctions.

Core Principles of a Blockchain:
Despite the challenges, Vitalik emphasizes that the core principles of a blockchain, such as censorship resistance and the inability to push invalid blocks, remain intact with the proposed decentralization roadmap. These measures ensure that the fundamental characteristics of a blockchain are preserved even in systems with centralized block production.

Commonalities and Parallels:
Centralized L1s with centralized block producers and Layer 2 rollups on Ethereum share similarities in terms of their architectural components and the division of responsibilities between layers.

Hypothetical Example of a Highly Scalable Rollup on Ethereum:
Vitalik Buterin proposes a thought experiment involving a highly scalable rollup on Ethereum, such as Arbitrum, achieving 10,000 TPS through advanced engineering and parallelization techniques.

Structure and Functionality of the Hypothetical Rollup:
This hypothetical rollup would resemble a centralized L1 with centralized sequencing handled by the rollup team (e.g., Arbitrum) and decentralized validation enabled through the rollup’s fraud-proof functionality. The Ethereum protocol would provide protocol armor, including secondary transaction channels, data availability verification, and other decentralization-ensuring features. The rollup’s smart contracts would be responsible for fraud-proof verification and other safeguards against potential abuses of power by the block creators.

Similarities to Centralized L1s with Centralized Block Producers:
Despite the different implementation paths and division of labor between the rollup protocol and Ethereum, the end result bears striking similarities to centralized L1s with centralized block producers.

Expected Multi-Rollup Landscape:
While it’s possible for a single rollup to dominate, a more likely scenario is a multi-rollup world with various rollups from different teams.

Significance of the Multi-Rollup World:
Even with multiple rollups, the overall system can still provide strong decentralization and censorship resistance through the underlying Ethereum protocol.

Key Implications:
The division of labor between rollups and the Ethereum protocol creates a robust and resilient ecosystem. Rollups can benefit from Ethereum’s protocol armor, while Ethereum can leverage rollups for scalability and diversity.

Cross-Domain MEV and Potential Centralization in Roll-ups:
As Ethereum moves to a Layer 2-centric model, cross-domain arbitrage opportunities arise, involving trades executed across different roll-ups or Layer 2 solutions. This creates an incentive for entities to become block producers on multiple roll-ups simultaneously to capture these arbitrage opportunities. This could potentially lead to a scenario where a single entity, or a small group of entities, controls the majority of block production across different roll-ups, resulting in centralization.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Roll-up Centralization:
Roll-ups provide protocol armor to protect against invalid or unavailable transactions, even if centralization occurs. Censorship-resistant bypass channels in roll-ups prevent centralized actors from censoring transactions. Centralized roll-up proposing is comparable to centralized chains or a single roll-up, potentially leading to a similar future outcome.

Ethereum’s Scalability Approach vs. Alt Layer Ones:
Ethereum’s approach to scalability is more future-proof as it remains agnostic to whether the future will be dominated by a single or multiple roll-ups. It leaves open the possibility of adopting a decentralized proposing structure, such as the Flashbots model, if that proves to be the optimal approach. In contrast, Layer 1s that assume centralized proposing from the outset lack a clear path to decentralization in the future.

Incentives for Alt Layer Ones and the Desire for Decentralization:
The rapid success of Ethereum in 2021 has incentivized the creation of many new Layer 1 blockchains, often referred to as Alt Layer Ones. The perception of crypto as a get-rich-quick scheme attracts users to new ecosystems, where they can potentially get in on the ground floor of a growing project. This desire to participate in the early stages of a project’s growth poses a challenge to the goal of achieving a decentralized system, as users may gravitate towards new projects that offer the potential for significant returns.

Ethereum’s Hybrid Vision:
Vitalik Buterin proposes a hybrid approach for Ethereum’s future, where Ethereum serves as a long-lasting base layer, while Layer 2 rollups continuously emerge. This approach allows users to get on the ground floor of new Layer 2 solutions while ensuring the stability and longevity of the underlying Ethereum network.

Benefits of a Pluralistic Ecosystem:
A hybrid vision with multiple Layer 2 rollups fosters a pluralistic ecosystem, where various projects can experiment and innovate. It promotes healthy competition, preventing any single solution from dominating the market and stifling innovation. This pluralism ensures there is always room for new ideas and opportunities for ground-floor participation in the future.

Comparison of Rollup Futures:
A single dominant rollup offers convenience for users but may lack resilience and adaptability in the long run. Multiple rollups provide a more fragile yet future-proof and flexible ecosystem, allowing for continuous improvement and innovation.

Crypto’s Role in Shaping the 2020s:
Crypto has the potential to play a significant role in preventing negative outcomes and fostering positive possibilities in the 2020s. It can address challenges that existing legacy institutions have failed to solve. Crypto can help avoid digital dystopia by promoting decentralization, transparency, and individual empowerment.

Necessity of Alternatives to Centralized Institutions:
The current hyper-intermediated world poses a risk of dystopia due to multiple pressure points that can easily obstruct transactions. Centralized institutions are vulnerable to corruption and can arbitrarily shut down services.

Decentralized Networks as a Solution:
Decentralized networks, like blockchains, provide intermediaries that are resistant to corruption and interference. They offer a reliable and trustworthy alternative to centralized institutions.

Real-World Examples:
Startups built on platforms like Twitter and Facebook face the risk of sudden shutdown due to API changes. Argentina’s experience highlights the unreliability of fiat currencies, prompting people to seek alternatives.

Importance in International Transactions:
Hyper-intermediation can involve multiple geopolitical actors with varying perspectives on acceptable transactions. Decentralized networks mitigate this issue by providing a neutral and globally accessible platform.

Decentralization, Neutrality, and Scaling:
For blockchains to effectively address the need for alternatives to centralized institutions, they must be decentralized, credibly neutral, and scalable. A roadmap exists to achieve these goals, and many individuals are working towards their realization.

Overall Takeaways:
Ryan Sean Adams is excited about the future of Ethereum and optimistic about the world because of crypto and decentralization. Listeners are encouraged to view the diagram of the Ethereum roadmap and read the articles mentioned in the podcast. Previous podcasts with Vitalik Buterin on Bankless are also available for further exploration.

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Appreciation and Invitation:
Gratitude is expressed for the audience’s presence and support in building the bankless nation.